中国牙及牙槽外科回顾与展望

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 自1839年英国传教士Benjamin Hobson（合信）将现代牙科技术和理念传入中国至今，中国牙及牙槽外科发展大致可以分为“一停两快三慢”6个发展阶段。1911—1936年，多所牙医学校相继建立，与牙及牙槽外科有关的牙科杂志创刊，是第1个快速发展阶段。1937—1949年，8年抗战继而4年的解放战争，使得刚刚步入快速发展轨道的中国牙槽外科被迫慢了下来。1950—1960年，多部牙及牙槽外科专著问世，相关手术方法得以革新，是第2个快速发展阶段。1961—1978年，由于我国整个科学技术领域与国际缺乏交流，导致整个科研技术水平与国际水平的差距逐渐增大，牙槽外科的发展也基本处于停滞不前阶段，甚至还有倒退迹象。1979—2004年，牙槽外科作为口腔颌面外科的一个分支，并没有形成独立的科室，并且研究主要集中在颌面外科，导致我国颌面外科的研究技术达到国际先进水平，而牙槽外科的发展则相对缓慢。2005年以后，独立的牙槽外科临床分支建立，牙槽外科学组成立，中国牙及牙槽外科，无论是在临床技术、临床研究还是基础研究方面，均取得了飞速的发展与进步，是我国牙及牙槽外科发展最快的一个阶段。

关键词: 牙槽外科, 拔牙, 牙移植, 牙再植, 修复前外科

Abstract: [Summary] Benjamin Hobson, a British missionary, brought modern dental technologies and ideas into China in 1839. Since then, the development of dentoalveolar surgery in China can be divided into 6 stages, including 1 stop stage, 2 rapidly developing stages and 3 slowly developing stages. From 1911 to 1936, various dental schools were established, and different journals related to dentoalveolar surgery were founded. This was the first rapidly developing stage. From 1937 to 1949, the rapid development of dentoalveolar surgery in China was forced to slow down by 12 years of war. From 1950 to 1960, a number of monographs on dentoalveolar surgery were published, while related surgical methods were innovated. This was the second rapidly developing stage. From 1961 to 1978, lack of international communication led to big gap between the level of China's scientific research and the international one. The development of dentoalveolar surgery in China was at a stage of stagnation and even backward. From 1979 to 2004, dentoalveolar surgery became a branch of oral and maxillofacial surgery, without a separated, specialized department, and most researches focused on maxillofacial surgery; as a result, dentoalveolar surgery was relatively backward. After 2005, Department of Dentoalveolar Surgery was separated from the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in the major dental schools, with specialists concerning primarily on dentoalveolar surgery. Dentoalveolar Surgery Group was established. No matter in clinical technology, or in clinical research and basic research, dentoalveolar surgery in China has made rapid development and progress. This is the fastest developing stage.

Key words: Dentoalveolar surgery, Exodontia, Tooth transplantation, Tooth re-implantation, Pre-prosthodontic surgery

中图分类号:

R782.1

胡开进, 薛洋, 周宏志. 中国牙及牙槽外科回顾与展望[J]. 中国口腔颌面外科杂志, 2016, 14(6): 481-489.

HU Kai-jin, XUE Yang, ZHOU Hong-zhi. Review and prospect of dentoalveolar surgery in China[J]. China J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2016, 14(6): 481-489.

参考文献

[1] 辛智科. 中国古代外科手术概观[J]. 陕西中医函授,1986,6(6): 52-53.
[2] 付天星, 文平, 吴婷, 等. 中国口腔医学大事年表（一）[J]. 华西口腔医学杂志, 2010,28(1): 111-113.
[3] 浩然. 中国牙医鼻祖关元昌 [N]. 基督教周报, 1999-08-29.
[4] 付天星, 文平, 吴婷. 中国口腔医学大事年表（二）[J]. 华西口腔医学杂志, 2010, 28(2): 223-228.
[5] 赵季光. 牙齿之再植术 [J]. 中国牙医杂志, 1935,1(2): 10.
[6] 陈朝政. 外伤脱落和压入齿的再植术 [J]. 上海市牙医公会月报, 1935, 1(4): 27.
[7] 蒋成翰. 拔牙与创伤之止血法 [J].上海市牙医杂志, 1935, 1(6): 42.
[8] 韵波. 拔牙术与疗法概记 [J]. 齿科月刊, 1936, 1(1): 15.
[9] 黄仁德. 智齿难生及其拔除术 [J]. 齿科季刊, 1936, 2(1): 13.
[10] 司徒学. 局部注射麻醉剂的性质及其临床上之应用 [J]. 中国牙科月刊, 1941, 3(1): 11.
[11] 顾海陵. 拔牙与危险 [J]. 东方齿科, 1938, 8: 163.
[12] 卢叙达. 因拔牙而发生意外事 [J]. 牙医学报, 1947, 1(1): 12.
[13] 朱翥之. 拔牙术 [J]. 牙科学报,1947,1(4): 28.
[14] 池方. 下腭智齿的分类拔除法[J]. 牙科学报,1947, 1(1): 9.
[15] 司徒学. 拔牙创异常出血及其疗法 [J]. 中国牙科月刊, 1940, 1(1): 3.
[16] 叶静思. 拔牙后疼痛的原因 [J]. 东方齿科, 1944, 31-32: 194.
[17] 周大成. 拔齿感染症之本态及其防止法（一）[J]. 东方齿科,1944, 31-32: 161.
[18] 董文浩. 改造上颌无牙义齿床之一方法[J]. 牙医学报, 1948,2(1):18.
[19] 黄羣华. 拔齿学图解[M]. 上海: 新医书局, 1951.
[20] 张光炎. 口腔外科学[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 1953.
[21] 陈华. 实用拔牙学[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 1958.
[22] 禇大元. 下颌阻生智齿冠部横截拔除法[J]. 中国医刊, 1958,8(3): 33.
[23] 曲立友. 拔牙原因统计 [J]. 人民军医, 1958, 9(5): 424.
[24] 史玉泉, 杨德泰. 三叉神经痛的治疗研究Ⅰ.酒精注射的疗效分析 [J]. 复旦学报(医学版),1958,3(S1): 1-8.
[25] 史玉泉, 杨德泰. 三叉神经痛的治疗研究Ⅱ.根据520个颅骨的测量比较2种不同的注射方法 [J]. 复旦学报(医学版),1958,1(1): 1-7.
[26] 史玉泉, 杨德泰. 三叉神经痛的治疗研究Ⅲ.手术治疗的结果 [J]. 上医学报,1958,1(2): 133-138.
[27] 常万安. 三叉神经痛的针刺疗法 [J]. 中国医刊,1953,3(11): 14-16.
[28] 胡德升. 齿槽突修整术 [J]. 中国医刊,1957, 7(8): 29-30.
[29] 吴延椿. 下颌牙槽嵴延伸术[J]. 中华口腔科杂志,1955,3(4):271-274.
[30] 戴策安. 植牙术的初步报告[J]. 中华口腔科杂志,1956, 4(3):174-178.
[31] 黄羣华. 牙再植术[J]. 中华口腔科杂志,1957,5(3):208-215.
[32] 种英春. 植牙术（42例初步报告）[J]. 中华口腔科杂志, 1959, 7(2):123-125.
[33] 裘愉德, 李碧云. 关于第三磨牙移植的一点体会：附3例病例 [J]. 人民军医, 1956, 7(8): 71-74.
[34] 朱端伯. 第三磨牙移植初步报告（27例）[J]. 中华口腔科杂志,1956,4(3): 179-178.
[35] 王义, 冯书江. 针灸代替麻药拔牙 [J]. 人民军医,1960,11(2): 67.
[36] 王富贤. 针灸麻醉拔牙(附30例)初步报告(摘要) [J]. 山西医学杂志, 1965, 9(4): 3.
[37] 赵松生. 指压麻醉拔牙1800例小结[J]. 安徽医学,1973,1(3): 28-29.
[38] 周惠昌. 耳针麻醉为主拔牙的体会 [J]. 新医学, 1975, 7(6): 304-305.
[39] 佚名. 鼻夹麻醉拔牙552例初步观察[J]. 人民军医,1975,26(6): 61-63.
[40] 辜祖謙. 注意力转移下松牙摘除法[J]. 骨科, 1964, 1(4): 239.
[41] 黄玉庭. 乌贼骨粉海绵应用于拔牙后止血的临床观察(附233例统计分析)[J]. 山西医学杂志, 1960, 4(4): 87-88.
[42] 陈约翰,朱克能. “拔牙创护创液”的临床应用和初步观察(摘要) [J]. 中医杂志,1962,12(10): 36.
[43] 陈家鹊, 林行富. 氧化锌丁香油糊剂治疗拔牙后出血 [J]. 中国医刊,1965,15(8):483.
[44] 陈宗汉. 紫珠草粉代替棉卷拔牙创压迫止血[J]. 新医学,1971,3(10): 45.
[45] 王汪合. 郁金散治拔牙后出血不止[J]. 山西医药杂志,1977,21(6): 56.
[46] 莫稀民. 复方淀粉海绵拔牙止血剂简介[J]. 卫生简讯,1977,6(3): 33-34.
[47] 耿温琦. 自体及异体牙移植的临床经验 [J]. 国外医学·口腔医学分册, 1975, 2(3): 129-130.
[48] 樊明文. 同种异体牙移植25例[J]. 国外医学·口腔医学分册,1976,3(4): 179-180.
[49] 任煜光. 高血压、冠心病患者的拔牙和局部麻醉问题 [J]. 人民军医,1979,30(5): 61-62.
[50] 赵皎兰. 指压穴位麻醉拔牙248例[J]. 人民军医,1983, 34(5):79-80.
[51] 陆彩英. 针麻拔牙215例观察 [J]. 中国针灸,1986, 6: 28.
[52] 周岳城, 杜懋松. 激光穴位麻醉拔牙手术500例临床观察 [J]. 四川医学院学报(医学版),1980,22(3): 229-232.
[53] 许虎. 磁麻拔牙328例 [J]. 口腔医学,1982,2(3): 116.
[54] 吉广凌. 中药六神丸预防干槽症[J]. 口腔医学,1984, 4(1): 6.
[55] 张书杰. 丁香油碘仿纱条加压填塞治疗干槽症 [J]. 人民军医,1985,26(10): 80.
[56] 雷莉, 肖晓蓉, 孟庆荣, 等. 正常口腔细菌与拔牙创干槽症的关系 [J]. 中国微生态学杂志,1989,1(2): 36-40.
[57] 贺储兴. 异体牙移植手术方法的改进(附32例报告) [J]. 华西口腔医学杂志,1985, 3(3): 189-190.
[58] 张佩莲. 异体牙移植术 [J]. 广西医学,1985,14(1): 14-15.
[59] 刁永全, 徐关通. 异体牙移植43例随访观察[J]. 口腔医学,1987,7(1):35-36.
[60] 张思雄, 申米山. 保留牙髓的牙再植和自体牙移植20例报告 [J]. 临床口腔医学杂志,1985,1(2): 115.
[61] 金蕙芬. 自体牙移植二例报告 [J]. 口腔医学纵横,1986,2(2):25,64.
[62] 尚兴彦, 周青勃. 白乌膏外贴治疗三叉神经痛 [J]. 新中医,1980,12(2):36.
[63] 卢芳. 中药颅痛宁注射液治疗三叉神经痛的研究 [J]. 中医药学报, 1980, 8(3): 10-13.
[64] 马奎云, 赵宗美, 姚淑芬, 等. 中药提取物阵痛片治疗三叉神经痛56例观察 [J]. 河南医学院学报(医学版),1982, 26(3): 53-54.
[65] 黄冬度. 加味芍药甘草汤治疗三叉神经痛42例 [J]. 中医杂志,1983,33(11): 9.
[66] 孙怡, 王广仁. 三叉神经痛的中医药治疗 [J]. 实用中医内科杂志, 1988,3(3): 109-111.
[67] 肖晖励. 卡马西平治疗三叉神经痛 [J]. 新医学,1986,18(3): 169.
[68] 于俊敬, 陈丙午. 神经撕脱术治疗原发性三叉神经痛 [J]. 河南医药,1982,9(6): 62.
[69] 耿温琦, 张建国. 原发性三叉神经痛周围支撕脱术的改进 [J]. 临床口腔医学杂志,1986,2(3): 137-141.
[70] 杨佑成, 李爱云. 三叉神经周围支撕脱术治疗三叉神经痛 [J]. 滨州医学院学报,1988,11(3): 70-71.
[71] 张开文. 神经血管减压术治疗三叉神经痛21例初步报告[J]. 口腔医学纵横,1986,2(4): 15-17.
[72] 付学忠, 陈锡禹. 微血管减压术治疗复发性三叉神经痛一例 [J]. 中华神经外科杂志, 1987, 3(3): 14.
[73] 耿温琦.关于下颌阻生智齿的拔除—第一部分拔牙前准备 [J].临床口腔医学杂志,1988,4(1): 50-53.
[74] 耿温琦. 关于下颌阻生智齿的拔除—第二部分拔牙方法(一) [J]. 临床口腔医学杂志,1988,4(2): 115-118.
[75] 耿温琦. 关于下颌阻生智齿的拔除第三部分拔牙方法(二)[J].临床口腔医学杂志,1988,4(3): 159-161.
[76] 耿温琦. 下颌阻生智齿拔除后各种反应和并发症的诊断、预防及处理 [J].华西口腔医学杂志,1988,6(1): 59-62.
[77] 耿温琦, 周长根, 黄若男, 等. 射频温控热凝术治疗原发性三叉神经痛进一步观察[J].临床口腔医学杂志,1989,5(2): 80-83.
[78] 耿温琦.对三叉神经痛射频治疗在国内进一步推广应用的展望 [J].临床口腔医学杂志,1992,8(1): 59-60.
[79] 耿温琦, 肖先缜, 刘清洁, 等.β阻滞剂在冠心病患者拔牙时对血压、心率的影响 [J]. 口腔医学纵横,1990,6(1): 14-18.
[80] 耿温琦,李鸿璞,肖先缜,等. 心脏病患者拔牙问题 [J].现代口腔医学杂志,1990,4(3): 165-167.
[81] 耿温琦, 刘清洁, 肖先缜, 等. 心脏病患者拔牙时室性早搏的预防性治疗 [J].现代口腔医学杂志,1992,6(4): 230-231.
[82] 黄逸民等. 牙槽骨突（尖）简易击碎成形法 [J]. 口腔医学,1983,3(2):74.
[83] 李传吉. 胶布代替牙槽骨骨尖缓冲的方法介绍[J]. 实用口腔医学杂志,1986,2(4): 256.
[84] 赵成业. 牙槽骨整形改良法的应用（附200例临床总结）[J]. 中华口腔科杂志, 1986, 21(5): 287-288.
[85] 杨学文. 种植-正颌重建术在义齿修复前外科中的应用 [J]. 国外医学·口腔医学分册, 1996,23(2): 73-77.
[86] 王彦亮. 用体外培养的黏膜片覆盖口腔前庭成形术所形成的缺损 [J]. 国外医学·口腔医学分册, 1996, 23(5): 305-306.
[87] 涂玲,翦新春. 牙槽嵴增高术有关的解剖学测量 [J]. 中国临床解剖学杂志, 1993,11(3): 185-187.
[88] 耿温琦. 下颌阻生智齿 [M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 1992.
[89] 田卫东. 实用拔牙学 [M]. 成都: 四川大学出版社, 2003.
[90] 王予江. 应用涡轮机钻拔除下颌阻生智齿的临床观察 [J]. 现代诊断与治疗,1992,3(3): 289-292.
[91] 李郁坚. 高速涡轮机在断根拔除术中的辅助应用 [J]. 遵义医学院学报,1993,34(4): 63-64.
[92] 周正明. 涡轮机在牙槽外科的应用[J]. 口腔颌面外科杂志,1995,5(3): 181.
[93] McGrath C, Comfort MB, Lo EC, et al. Can third molar surgery improve quality of life? A 6-month cohort study[J]. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2003, 61(7): 759-763.
[94] Rodrigo MR, Irwin MG, Tong CK, et al. A randomised crossover comparison of patient-controlled sedation and patient-maintained sedation using propofol [J]. Anaesthesia, 2003, 58(4): 333-338.
[95] McGrath C, Comfort MB, Lo EC, et al. Changes in life quality following third molar surgery-the immediate postoperative period [J]. Br Dent J, 2003, 194(5): 265-268.
[96] McGrath C, Comfort MB, Lo EC, et al. Patient-centred outcome measures in oral surgery: validity and sensitivity [J]. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2003 , 41(1): 43-47.
[97] Comfort MB, Tse AS, Tsang AC, et al. A study of the comparative efficacy of three common analgesics in the control of pain after third molar surgery under local anaesthesia [J]. Aust Dent J, 2002, 47(4): 327-330.
[98] Kan KW, Liu JK, Lo EC, et al. Residual periodontal defects distal to the mandibular second molar 6-36 months after impacted third molar extraction [J]. J Clin Periodontol, 2002, 29(11): 1004-1011.
[99] Chen CJ, Kang J, Shieh TY. Changes in lysyl oxidase activity and calcium content during the healing of tooth extraction wounds [J]. Kaohsiung J Med Sci, 1997, 13(7): 432-439.
[100] Wang HY. Root resorption associated with impacted maxillary third molar[J]. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1992, 73(6): 765-766.
[101] Chen RJ, Yang JF. Fusion of a third molar with an invaginated supernumerary molar [J]. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1990, 70(4): 526-527.
[102] 胡开进. 现代标准拔牙术新理念[J]. 中国实用口腔科杂志, 2010, 3(10): 577-581.
[103] 胡开进.微创拔牙技术[J].现代口腔医学杂志, 2010, 24(4): 241-243.
[104] 胡开进. 微创拔牙理念及技术操作[J]. 国际口腔医学杂志, 2011, 38(3): 249-252.
[105] 丁宇翔, 胡开进, 张浚睿, 等. 免穿型医用缝合针:中国, ZL201210042260.6 [P]. 2014-05-21.
[106] 胡开进, 薛洋, 孔亮, 等. 金属吸唾器:中国, ZL200920306473.9 [P]. 2010-10-06.
[107] 胡开进, 孔亮, 薛洋, 等. 颊拉钩:中国, ZL200920306474.3 [P]. 2010-09-22.
[108] Ma Z, Xu G, Yang C, et al. Efficacy of the technique of piezoelectric corticotomy for orthodontic traction of impacted mandibular third molars[J]. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2015, 53(4): 326-331.
[109] Ma Z, Yang C, Zhang S, et al. Orthodontic extrusion of horizontally impacted mandibular molars [J]. Int J Clin Exp Med, 2014, 7(10): 3320-3326.
[110] Ma ZG, Xie QY, Yang C, et al. An orthodontic technique for minimally invasive extraction of impacted lower third molar [J]. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2013, 71(8): 1309-1317.
[111] Ge J, Yang C, Zheng J, et al. Piezosurgery for the lingual split technique in lingual positioned impacted mandibular third molar removal: a retrospective study [J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2016, 95(12): e3192.
[112] Ge J, Yang C, Zheng JW, et al. Four osteotomy methods with piezosurgery to remove complicated mandibular third molars: a retrospective study[J]. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2014, 72(11): 2126-2133.
[113] Guo Y, Xu DD, Lv K, et al. Use of computer-assisted navigation in the retrieval of accidentally displaced third molars [J]. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2016, 74(5): 889-894.
[114] Zhang G, Hou R, Zhou H, et al. Improved sedation for dental extraction by using video eyewear in conjunction with nitrous oxide: a randomized, controlled, cross-over clinical trial [J]. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol, 2012, 113(2): 188-192.
[115] Yu C, Li S, Deng F, et al. Comparison of dexmedetomidine/fentanyl with midazolam/fentanyl combination for sedation and analgesia during tooth extraction [J]. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2014, 43(9): 1148-1153.
[116] Zhou H, Hou R, Ma Q, et al. Secondary healing after removal of large keratocystic odontogenic tumor in the mandible: enucleation followed by open packing of iodoform gauze [J]. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2012, 70(7): 1523-1530.
[117] Zhou HZ, Yu H, Xue Y. In vivo self-expanding engineering of bone [J]. Med Hypotheses, 2009, 73(4): 528-530.
[118] Pang C, Ding Y, Zhou H, et al. Alveolar ridge preservation with deproteinized bovine bone graft and collagen membrane and delayed implants [J]. J Craniofac Surg, 2014, 25(5): 1698-1702.
[119] Pang C, Ding Y, Hu K, et al. Influence of preservation of the alveolar ridge on delayed implants after extraction of teeth with different defects in the buccal bone[J]. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2016, 54(2): 176-180.
[120] Feng L, Zhang L, Cui Y, et al. Clinical evaluations of mineralized collagen in the extraction sites preservation[J]. Regen Biomater, 2016, 3(1): 41-48.
[121] Yan Q, Li B, Long X. Immediate autotransplantation of mandibular third molar in China [J]. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 2010, 110(4): 436-440.
[122] Xu GZ, Yang C, Fan XD, et al. Anatomic relationship between impacted third mandibular molar and the mandibular canal as the risk factor of inferior alveolar nerve injury[J]. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2013, 51(8): e215-e219.
[123] Liu W, Yin W, Zhang R, et al. Diagnostic value of panoramic radiography in predicting inferior alveolar nerve injury after mandibular third molar extraction: a meta-analysis [J]. Aust Dent J, 2015, 60(2): 233-239.
[124] Wang Y, He D, Yang C, et al. An easy way to apply orthodontic extraction for impacted lower third molar compressing to the inferior alveolar nerve [J]. J Craniomaxillofac Surg, 2012, 40(3): 234-237.
[125] Wei WB, Chen MJ, Yang C, et al. Decompression of the inferior alveolar nerve to treat the pain of the mandible caused by fibrous dysplasia-case report [J]. Int J Clin Exp Med, 2015, 8(10): 19535-19539.
[126] Leung YY, Cheung LK. Longitudinal treatment outcomes of microsurgical treatment of neurosensory deficit after lower third molar surgery: a prospective case series [J]. PLoS One, 2016, 11(3): e0150149.
[127] Leung YY, Fung PP, Cheung LK. Treatment modalities of neurosensory deficit after lower third molar surgery: a systematic review [J]. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2012, 70(4): 768-778.
[128] Leung YY, Cheung LK. Long-term morbidities of coronectomy on lower third molar [J]. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol, 2015, 121(1): 5-11.
[129] Long H, Zhou Y, Liao L, et al. Coronectomy vs. total removal for third molar extraction: a systematic review [J]. J Dent Res, 2012, 91(7): 659-665.
[130] Zhang QB, Zhang ZQ. Early extraction: a silver bullet to avoid nerve injury in lower third molar removal?[J]. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2012, 41(10): 1280-1283.
[131] Wang WQ, Chen MY, Huang HL, et al. New quantitative classification of the anatomical relationship between impacted third molars and the inferior alveolar nerve [J]. BMC Med Imaging, 2015, 15(1): 1-6.
[132] He WL, Yu FY, Li CJ, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy of low-level laser therapy in the management of complication after mandibular third molar surgery [J]. Lasers Med Sci, 2015, 30(6): 1779-1788.
[133] Cheng Q, Wang P, Wang W, et al. Clinical observation on the disinfection of turbine water system to minimize postoperative complications of minimally invasive tooth extraction [J]. Iran J Public Health, 2015, 44(12): 1710-1711.
[134] Xu JL, Sun L, Liu C, et al. Effect of oral contraceptive use on the incidence of dry socket in females following impacted mandibular third molar extraction: a meta-analysis [J]. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2015, 44(9): 1160-1165.
[135] Hou R, Kong L, Ao J, et al. Investigation of impacted permanent teeth except the third molar in Chinese patients through an X-ray study [J]. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2010, 68(4): 762-767.
[136] Xue P, Wang J, Wu B, et al. Efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis on postoperative inflammatory complications in Chinese patients having impacted mandibular third molars removed: a split-mouth, double-blind, self-controlled, clinical trial [J]. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2015, 53(5): 416-420.
[137] Hou R, Mi Y, Xu Q, et al. Oral health survey and oral health questionnaire for high school students in Tibet, China [J]. Head Face Med, 2014, 10: 17.
[138] Lu P, Gong Y, Chen Y, et al. Safety analysis of tooth extraction in elderly patients with cardiovascular diseases[J]. Med Sci Monit, 2014, 20: 782-788.
[139] Zhao B, Wang P, Dong Y, et al. Should aspirin be stopped before tooth extraction? A meta-analysis[J]. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol, 2015, 119(5): 522-530.
[140] Ding Y, Liu Y, Cao M, et al. Periodontal tissues changes in tooth-borne distraction osteogenesis: an experimental study of closure of wide alveolar bone defects in dogs [J]. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2009, 47(2): 111-115.
[141] Wang T, Wu D, Li Y, et al. Substance P incorporation in calcium phosphate cement for dental alveolar bone defect restoration [J]. Mater Sci Eng C, 2016,69:546-553.
[142] Ru N, Liu SY, Bai Y, et al. BoneCeramic graft regenerates alveolar defects but slows orthodontic tooth movement with less root resorption[J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 2016, 149(4): 523-532.
[143] Cheng G, Li Z, Wan Q, et al. A novel animal model treated with tooth extraction to repair the full-thickness defects in the mandible of rabbits [J]. J Surg Res, 2015, 194(2): 706-716.
[144] Wang L, Zheng L, Li C, et al. Adrenomedullin delivery in microsphere-scaffold composite for remodeling of the alveolar bone following tooth extraction: an experimental study in the rat [J]. Biomed Eng Online, 2013, 12: 99.
[145] Sun Y, Wang CY, Wang ZY, et al. Test in canine extraction site preservation by using mineralized collagen plug with or without membrane [J]. J Biomater Appl, 2016, 30(9): 1285-1299.
[146] Lv L, Wang Y, Zhang J, et al. Healing of periodontal defects and calcitonin gene related peptide expression following inferior alveolar nerve transection in rats [J]. J Mol Histol, 2014, 45(3): 311-320.
[147] Hu K, Zhou H, Zhang G, et al. The effect of chemical sympathectomy and stress on bone remodeling in adult rats [J]. Neuro Endocrinol Lett, 2010, 31(6): 807-813.
[148] Ding Y, Arai M, Kondo H, et al. Effects of capsaicin-induced sensory denervation on bone metabolism in adult rats [J]. Bone, 2010, 46(6): 1591-1596.
[149] 吴煜农. 复杂牙拔除技术[M]. 南京: 江苏科学技术出版社, 2007.
[150] 耿温琦. 下颌阻生智齿[M]. 第2版. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2008.
[151] 胡开进. 标准拔牙手术图谱 [M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2010.
[152] 鲁大鹏. 智齿外科学 [M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2012.
[153] 胡开进. 口腔外科门诊手术操作规范 [M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2013.
[155] 赵吉宏. 现代牙槽外科新技术[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2015.
[155] 王莉, 侯锐, 胡开进. ASA分级系统在口腔外科门诊治疗中的应用 [J]. 实用口腔医学杂志, 2012, 28(1): 51-54.
[156] 马洋, 秦瑞峰, 胡开进. 口腔外科门诊突发医疗紧急事件的回顾研究 [J]. 实用口腔医学杂志, 2011, 27(5): 672-675.