Chinese expert consensus document on head and neck mucosal malignant melanoma

Abstract

Abstract: The incidence of malignant melanoma (MM) in China is lower compared to the white people. The incidence of malignant melanoma in Shanghai is only 0.42 per million in 2009. However, because of the big population in China, the number of MM patients is huge. Cutaneous melanoma is commonly seen in China. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of MM had been published in 2009 and 2011, mainly pertaining to cutaneous melanoma. Mucosal MM was seldom investigated, but it is different from cutaneous MM in the treatment or prognosis. Therefore, there is necessity to make an expert consensus on mucosal melanoma based on the Chinese data and experience.

Key words: Head and neck region, Mucosal melanoma, Expert consensus

CLC Number:

R739.5

WU Yun-teng, REN Guo-xin, SUN Mo-yi, KONG Yun-yi, WANG De-hui, BU Rong-fa, RAN Wei, TANG Zhan-gui, CHEN Hong, LIN Ming, WANG Li-zhen, GUO Wei. Chinese expert consensus document on head and neck mucosal malignant melanoma[J]. China Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2015, 13(3): 262-269.

References

[1] Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2012 [J]. CA Cancer J Clin, 2012, 62(1): 10-29.
[2] Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, et al. Global cancer statistics [J]. CA Cancer J Clin, 2011, 61(2): 69-90.
[3] 上海市疾病控制中心. 2009年上海市市区恶性肿瘤发病率 [J]. 肿瘤, 2012, 32(10): 854.
[4] Marcus DM, Marcus RP, Prabhu RS, et al. Rising incidence of mucosal melanoma of the head and neck in the United States [J]. J Skin Cancer, 2012, 2012: 231693.
[5] Brandwein MS, Rothstein A, Lawson W, et al. Sinonasal melanoma. A clinicopathologic study of 25 cases and literature meta-analysis[J]. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg,1997, 123(3): 290-296.
[6] Batsakis JG, Regezi JA, Solomon AR, et al. The pathology of head and neck tumors: mucosal melanomas, part 13 [J]. Head Neck Surg, 1982, 4(5): 404-418.
[7] 郭军,秦叔逵,林桐榆,等.中国黑色素瘤诊治指南2013版 [M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2013.
[8] McLaughlin CC, Wu XC, Jemal A, et al. Incidence of noncutaneous melanomas in the US [J]. Cancer, 2005, 103(5): 1000-1007.
[9] Hicks MJ, Flaitz CM. Oral mucosal melanoma: epidemiology and pathobiology [J]. Oral Oncol, 2000, 36(2): 152-169.
[10] Andersen LJ, Berthelsen A, Hansen HS. Malignant melanoma of the upper respiratory tract and the oral cavity [J]. J Otolaryngol, 1992, 21(3): 180-185.
[11] Patrick RJ, Fenske NA, Messina JL. Primary mucosal melanoma [J]. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2007, 56(5): 828-834.
[12] Jethanamest D, Vila PM, Sikora AG, et al. Predictors of survival in mucosal melanoma of the head and neck[J]. Ann Surg Oncol, 2011, 18(10): 2748-2756.
[13] Leiter U, Garbe C. Epidemiology of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer the role of sunlight [J]. Adv Exp Med Biol, 2008, 624: 89-103.
[14] Desmond RA, Soong SJ. Epidemiology of malignant melanoma [J]. Surg Clin North Am, 2003, 83(1): 1-29.
[15] Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, et al. Meningeal tumours, melanocytic lesions[C]//WHO classification of tumors of thecentralnervous System [M]. Lyon: IARC, 2007: 181-183.
[16] Love S, Ellison D. Melanosytic tumours[C]//Greenfield's neuropathology [M]. London: Hodder Arnold, 2008: 2026-2028.
[17] Ellison D, Love S, Chimelli LM, et al. Melanocytic neoplasms [C]//Neuropathology: a reference text of CNS pathology [M]. New York: Mosby, 2004: 734-736.
[18] Curtin JA, Busam K, Pinkel D, et al. Somatic activation of KIT in distinct subtypes of melanoma [J]. J Clin Oncol, 2006, 24(26): 4340-4346.
[19] Curtin JA, Fridlyand J, Kageshita T, et al. Distinct sets of genetic alterations in melanoma [J]. N Engl J Med, 2005, 353(20): 2135-2147.
[20] Kong Y, Si L, Zhu Y, et al. Large-scale analysis of KIT aberrations in Chinese patients with melanoma [J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2011, 17(7): 1684-1691.
[21] Kong Y, Si L, Guo J, et al. Aberrations of KIT, BRAF, NRAS, and PDGFRA in Chinese melanoma patients and their significance: large scale analysis of 644 patients [J]. J Clin Oncol, 2011, 29(15): 8568.
[22] Edge SB, Compton CC. The American Joint Committee on Cancer: the 7th edition of the AJCC cancer staging manual and the future of TNM [J]. Ann Surg Oncol, 2010, 17(6): 1471-1474.
[23] Rigel DS, Friedman RJ, Kopf AW, et al. ABCDE-an evolving concept in the early detection of melanoma [J]. Arch Dermatol, 2005, 141(8): 1032-1034.
[24] Friedman RJ, Rigel DS, Kopf AW. Early detection of malignant melanoma: the role of physician examination and self-examination of the skin [J]. CA Cancer J Clin, 1985, 35(3): 130-151.
[25] Rigel DS, Russak J, Friedman R. The evolution of melanoma diagnosis: 25 years beyond the ABCDs [J]. CA Cancer J Clin, 2010, 60(5): 301-316.
[26] Pawlik TM, Zorzi D, Abdalla EK, et al. Hepatic resection for metastatic melanoma: distinct patterns of recurrence and prognosis for ocular versus cutaneous disease [J]. Ann Surg Oncol, 2006, 13(5): 712-720.
[27] Agarwala SS, Keilholz U, Gilles E, et al. LDH correlation with survival in advanced melanoma from two large, randomised trials (Oblimersen GM301 and EORTC 18951) [J]. Eur J Cancer, 2009, 45(10): 1807-1814.
[28] Finck SJ, Giuliano AE, Morton DL. LDH and melanoma [J]. Cancer, 1983, 51(5): 840-843.
[29] Campora E, Repetto L, Giuntini P, et al. LDH in the follow-up of stage I malignant melanoma [J]. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol, 1988, 24(2): 277-278.
[30] Hellman S. Excision margins in high-risk malignant melanoma [J]. N Engl J Med, 2004, 350(22): 2305-2306.
[31] Veronesi U, Cascinelli N. Narrow excision (1-cm margin). A safe procedure for thin cutaneous melanoma[J]. Arch Surg,1991,126(4): 438-441.
[32] Gillgren P, Drzewiecki KT, Niin M, et al. 2-cm versus 4-cm surgical excision margins for primary cutaneous melanoma thicker than 2 mm: a randomised, multicentre trial [J]. Lancet, 2011, 378(9803): 1635-1642.
[33] Harish V, Bond JS, Scolyer RA, et al. Margins of excision and prognostic factors for cutaneous eyelid melanomas [J]. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2013, 66(8): 1066-1073.
[34] Yang X, Ren GX, Zhang CP, et al. Neck dissection and post-operative chemotherapy with dimethyl triazeno imidazole carboxamide and cisplatin protocol are useful for oral mucosal melanoma [J]. BMC Cancer, 2010, 10: 623.
[35] Wang X, Wu HM, Ren GX, et al. Primary oral mucosal melanoma: advocate a wait-and-see policy in the clinically N0 patient [J]. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2012, 70(5): 1192-1198.
[36] O'Brien CJ, Petersen-Schaefer K, Stevens GN, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy following neck dissection and parotidectomy for metastatic malignant melanoma [J]. Head Neck, 1997, 19(7): 589-594.
[37] Mathieu D, Kondziolka D, Cooper PB, et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery in the management of malignant melanoma brain metastases [J]. Neurosurgery, 2007, 60(3): 471-481.
[38] Hodi FS, O'Day SJ, McDermott DF, et al. Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma [J]. N Engl J Med, 2010, 363(8): 711-723.
[39] Flaherty KT, Puzanov I, Kim KB, et al. Inhibition of mutated, activated BRAF in metastatic melanoma [J]. N Engl J Med, 2010, 363(9): 809-819.
[40] Guo J, Si L, Kong Y, et al. Phase II, open-label, single-arm trial of imatinib mesylate in patients with metastatic melanoma harboring c-Kit mutation or amplification [J]. J Clin Oncol, 2011, 29(21): 2904-2909.
[41] Rao RD, Holtan SG, Ingle JN, et al. Combination of paclitaxel and carboplatin as second-line therapy for patients with metastatic melanoma [J]. Cancer, 2006, 106(2): 375-382.
[42] Falkson CI, Ibrahim J, Kirkwood JM, et al. Phase III trial of dacarbazine versus dacarbazine with interferon alpha-2b versus dacarbazine with tamoxifen versus dacarbazine with interferon alpha-2b and tamoxifen in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study [J]. J Clin Oncol, 1998, 16(5): 1743-1751.
[43] Bedikian AY, Millward M, Pehamberger H, et al. Bcl-2 antisense (oblimersen sodium) plus dacarbazine in patients with advanced melanoma: the Oblimersen Melanoma Study Group [J]. J Clin Oncol, 2006, 24(29): 4738-4745.
[44] Chapman PB, Einhorn LH, Meyers ML, et al. Phase III multicenter randomized trial of the Dartmouth regimen versus dacarbazine in patients with metastatic melanoma [J]. J Clin Oncol, 1999, 17(9): 2745-2751.
[45] Avril MF, Aamdal S, Grob JJ, et al. Fotemustine compared with dacarbazine in patients with disseminated malignant melanoma: a phase III study [J]. J Clin Oncol, 2004, 22(6): 1118-1125.
[46] Middleton MR, Grob JJ, Aaronson N, et al. Randomized phase III study of temozolomide versus dacarbazine in the treatment of patients with advanced metastatic malignant melanoma [J]. J Clin Oncol, 2000, 18(1): 158-166.
[47] Cui C, Mao L, Chi Z, et al. A phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial of Endostar in patients with metastatic melanoma [J]. Mol Ther, 2013, 21(7): 1456-1463.
[48] Kirkwood JM, Strawderman MH, Ernstoff MS, et al. Interferon alfa-2b adjuvant therapy of high-risk resected cutaneous melanoma: the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial EST 1684 [J]. J Clin Oncol, 1996, 14(1): 7-17.
[49] Mao L, Si L, Chi Z, et al. A randomised phase II trial of 1 month versus 1 year of adjuvant high-dose interferon alpha-2b in high-risk acral melanoma patients [J]. Eur J Cancer, 2011, 47(10): 1498-1503.
[50] Kirkwood JM, Manola J, Ibrahim J, et al. A pooled analysis of eastern cooperative oncology group and intergroup trials of adjuvant high-dose interferon for melanoma [J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2004, 10(5): 1670-1677.
[51] Taban M, Traboulsi EI. Malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva in children: a review of the international literature 1965-2006 [J]. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus, 2007, 44(5): 277-282.
[52] Shildkrot Y, Wilson MW. Conjunctival melanoma: pitfalls and dilemmas in management [J]. Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 2010, 21(5): 380-386.
[53] Chalasani R, Giblin M, Conway RM. Role of topical chemotherapy for primary acquired melanosis and malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva and cornea: review of the evidence and recommendations for treatment [J]. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol, 2006, 34(7): 708-714.
[54] Lim LA, Madigan MC, Conway RM. Conjunctival melanoma: a review of conceptual and treatment advances [J]. Clin Ophthalmol, 2013, 6: 521-531.
[55] Oellers P, Karp CL. Management of pigmented conjunctival lesions [J]. Ocul Surf, 2012, 10(4): 251-263.
[56] Shields CL, Kaliki S, Al-Dahmash SA, et al. American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) clinical classification predicts conjunctival melanoma outcomes [J]. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg, 2012, 28(5): 313-323.
[57] Pereira PR, Odashiro AN, Lim LA, et al. Current and emerging treatment options for uveal melanoma [J]. Clin Ophthalmol, 2013, 7: 1669-1682.
[58] Shildkrot Y, Wilson MW. Update on posterior uveal melanoma: treatment of the eye and emerging strategies in the prognosis and treatment of metastatic disease [J]. Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 2009, 20(6): 504-510.
[59] Shields CL, Kaliki S, Arepalli S, et al. Uveal melanoma in children and teenagers [J]. Saudi J Ophthalmol, 2013, 27(3): 197-201.
[60] Damato B, Heimann H.Personalized treatment of uveal melanoma [J]. Eye (Lond), 2013, 27(2): 172-179.
[61] Yonekawa Y, Kim IK. Epidemiology and management of uveal melanoma [J]. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am, 2012, 26(6): 1169-1184.
[62] Barman M, Finger PT, Milman T. Scleral patch grafts in the management of uveal and ocular surface tumors [J]. Ophthalmology, 2012, 119(12): 2631-2636.
[63] Velho TR, Kapiteijn E, Jager MJ. New therapeutic agents in uveal melanoma [J]. Anticancer Res, 2012, 32(7): 2591-2598.
[64] Leyvraz S, Keilholz U. Ocular melanoma: what’s new? [J]. Curr Opin Oncol, 2012, 24(2): 162-169.